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Related Concept Videos

Solution Concentration and Dilution02:59

Solution Concentration and Dilution

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The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a concentration that is significantly greater than that of all other components. This component is called the solvent and may be viewed as the medium in which the other components are dispersed or dissolved. Solutions in which water is the solvent are, of course, very common on our planet. A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous...
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

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Ionic effects in semi-dilute biopolymer solutions: A small angle scattering study.

Ferenc Horkay1, Peter J Basser1, Anne-Marie Hecht2

  • 1Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5772, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|November 3, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how polymer concentration, pH, and calcium ions affect biopolymer structures in solution. Divalent ions like strontium form tight sheaths around polymer chains, influencing solution behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the structural behavior of biopolymers in solution is crucial for various biological and material applications.
  • Polyelectrolytes, such as DNA and hyaluronic acid, exhibit complex structural dynamics influenced by environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of polymer concentration, pH, and calcium ion concentration on the structure of semi-dilute solutions of model biopolymers.
  • To elucidate the role of different counter-ions and their combinations on polyelectrolyte solution structures.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic investigations using neutron and X-ray small-angle scattering (SAS) techniques.
  • Analysis of scattering data in different q-ranges to determine structural parameters like correlation length.
  • Study of four model biopolymers: polyaspartic acid, DNA, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid (HA).

Main Results:

  • Scattering response I(q) in the low q range (<0.01 Å-1) is dominated by large clusters.
  • Intermediate q range shows I(q) varying as q-1, indicating linear scatterers.
  • Correlation length L exhibits a power law dependence on polymer concentration c, similar to neutral polymers.
  • Correlation length L increases with calcium chloride concentration and decreasing pH.
  • Divalent cations (Ba, Mg, Ca, Sr, Mn) show similar effects on DNA structure.
  • Mixed mono- and divalent counter-ion effects deviate from additivity.
  • Anomalous SAS reveals strontium counter-ions form a tight sheath around DNA and HA chains.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors like pH and ion concentration significantly influence polyelectrolyte solution structure.
  • Divalent counter-ions play a critical role in organizing polymer chains, forming distinct ion clouds.
  • The findings provide insights into the fundamental interactions governing biopolymer behavior in physiological conditions.