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Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: Phenobarbital vs CIWA-Ar Protocol
William P Tidwell1, Tonya L Thomas2, Jonathon D Pouliot2
1William P. Tidwell is a clinical pharmacist, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Tonya L. Thomas is a clinical pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Saint Thomas West Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee. Angus J. Webber is a hospitalist, Saint Thomas West Hospital, Nashville. Jonathon D. Pouliot is an assistant professor, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, Tennessee, and a clinical pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Saint Thomas West Hospital, Nashville. Angelo E. Canonico is an associate professor, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Nashville, and a pulmonologist intensivist, Saint Thomas Medical Group, Nashville. william.p.tidwell@vumc.org.
Background:
Benzodiazepine-based therapy for alcohol withdrawal is associated with agitation and respiratory depression. Treatment can be complicated by a need for adjunctive therapy to control these symptoms and in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Strong evidence for the effectiveness of alternative treatment modalities is lacking, despite the availability of promising pharmacological agents such as phenobarbital.
Objective:
To compare the standard of care for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal-a symptom-triggered benzodiazepine protocol used in conjunction with the revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol (CIWA-Ar) scale-with a phenobarbital protocol.
Methods:
Retrospective cohort study conducted from January 2016 through June 2017 at a 42-bed medical intensive care unit in a private teaching hospital in Nashville, Tennessee. The primary outcome was intensive care unit length of stay. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay, incidence of invasive mechanical ventilation, and use of adjunctive pharmacotherapy.
Results:
Patients who received phenobarbital had significantly shorter stays in the intensive care unit than did those who received therapy based on the CIWA-Ar scale (mean [SD], 2.4 [1.5] vs 4.4 [3.9] days; P < .001). Those who received phenobarbital also had significantly shorter hospital stays (4.3 [3.4] vs 6.9 [6.6] days; P = .004). The incidence of invasive mechanical ventilation was lower in the phenobarbital group (1 [2%] vs 14 [23%] patients; P < .001), as was use of adjunctive agents for symptom control, including dexmedetomidine (4 [7%] vs 17 [28%] patients; P = .002).
Conclusion:
A phenobarbital protocol for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal is an effective alternative to the standard-of-care protocol of symptom-triggered benzodiazepine therapy.
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