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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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Making Memories: Why Time Matters.

Paul Kelley1, M D R Evans2,3, Jonathan Kelley3

  • 1Sleep, Circadian and Memory Neuroscience, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|November 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding how biological and social time impacts memory formation is key. Aligning social schedules with our internal circadian clocks improves health and learning, enhancing long-term memory (LTM) consolidation.

Keywords:
Circadian timinglong-term memorysocial timespaced learning

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Chronobiology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Advances in human neuroscience highlight time's role in long-term memory (LTM).
  • Circadian neuroscience links biological time to cellular clocks regulated by retinal cells and suprachiasmatic nuclei.
  • Individual chronotypes, influenced by genetics, age, and sex, create unique circadian rhythms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the impact of circadian and social time on memory formation.
  • To investigate the consequences of circadian desynchronization on health and cognitive performance.
  • To examine the effectiveness of aligning social time with circadian biology for improved learning and health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroscience research on time, memory, and circadian rhythms.
  • Analysis of the effects of social time (time zones, DST, work/school hours) on circadian alignment.
  • Examination of in-day, time-spaced learning patterns and their relation to synaptic plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Differences between social and circadian time can cause desynchronization, leading to sleep deprivation, health issues, and reduced cognitive function.
  • Synchronizing social time with circadian biology enhances health and learning, particularly in educational settings.
  • In-day learning patterns, involving spaced repetitions, are effective for memory consolidation.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between circadian, in-day, and sleep neuroscience is crucial for understanding 24-hour memory formation.
  • Aligning social and biological time offers potential interventions to improve health and learning outcomes.
  • Further research into sleep's role in memory consolidation is needed.