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Expert Consensus to Guide the Classification of Paralympic Swimmers With Vision Impairment: A Delphi Study.

Henrike Joanna Cornelie Ravensbergen1, Amarens Doutsen Genee1, David Lindsay Mann1

  • 1Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, IPC Research and Development Centre for the Classification of Athletes with Vision Impairment, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Psychology
|November 3, 2018
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Current vision impairment (VI) swimming classification is inadequate. Experts recommend a sport-specific system to ensure fair competition by assessing visual functions impacting swimming performance.

Keywords:
classificationevidence-basedparalympicswimmingvision impairment

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Area of Science:

  • Para-sport classification
  • Vision impairment science
  • Sports science

Background:

  • International Paralympic Committee mandates sport-specific classification systems.
  • Current vision impairment (VI) swimming classification relies on legal blindness definitions, not performance impact.
  • This system fails to account for how vision affects swimming performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish expert guidance for a sport-specific classification system for VI swimming.
  • To identify key visual functions and performance components affected by VI in swimming.
  • To inform the development of an evidence-based classification system.

Main Methods:

  • A three-round Delphi review was conducted.
  • A panel of 16 experts in VI swimming (athletes, coaches, administrators, scientists) participated.
  • Consensus was reached on critical aspects of classification.

Main Results:

  • 86% consensus that current VI swimming classification is inadequate.
  • Agreed that aspects of visual function (e.g., depth perception, contrast sensitivity) are crucial but unassessed.
  • Identified nine performance components across all race segments (start, swim, turn, finish) impacted by VI.
  • Strong agreement on the impact of age of VI acquisition on swimmer potential.

Conclusions:

  • The current classification system for VI swimmers needs significant changes.
  • Expert guidance supports the development of a more accurate, evidence-based classification system.
  • A revised system will better ensure fair competition by considering the specific impact of vision impairment on swimming performance.