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Cigarette smoking and risk of celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Karn Wijarnpreecha1,2, Susan Lou3, Panadeekarn Panjawatanan4
1Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, USA.
Background/Objectives:
A negative association between cigarette smoking and celiac disease has been observed but results were inconsistent across the published studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with the aim to identify all studies that investigated this association and to summarize the results of those studies.
Methods:
A comprehensive literature review was conducted utilizing MEDLINE and Embase databases through March 2018 to identify all cohort studies and case-control studies that compared the risk of celiac disease among current and/or former smokers versus never-smokers. Effect estimates from each study were extracted and combined together using the random-effect, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird.
Results:
A total of seven studies with 307,924 participants fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis found a significantly decreased risk of celiac disease among current smokers compared with never-smokers with the pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.52 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.32-0.84; I2 86%). However, the risk of celiac disease among former smokers was not significantly different from never-smokers with the pooled OR of 1.10 (95% CI, 0.76-1.60; I2 of 73%).
Conclusions:
A significantly decreased risk of celiac disease among current smokers compared with never-smokers was demonstrated in this meta-analysis.
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