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Related Concept Videos

PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

655
In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
655
Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

406
Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
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Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:24

Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

375
Proportional-Derivative (PD) controllers are widely used in fan control systems to improve stability and performance. A fan control system can be effectively represented using a Bode plot to illustrate the impact of a PD controller through its transfer function. The Bode plot visually conveys how PD control modifies the fan's response across various frequencies, providing a frequency domain interpretation of the controller's behavior.
The proportional control gain, combined with the...
375
Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

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Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...
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The Colonization of Land02:22

The Colonization of Land

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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology
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Stromal PD-1/PD-L1 Expression Predicts Outcome in Colon Cancer Patients.

Jacqueline Wyss1, Bastian Dislich2, Viktor H Koelzer3

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Clinical Colorectal Cancer
|November 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stromal programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in colon cancer patients indicates less aggressive tumors and better survival. This contrasts with tumor cell PD-L1, which shows aggressive features but no survival impact.

Keywords:
BiomarkerCD8 expressionImmune checkpointsImmunohistochemistrySurvival

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Author Spotlight: Magnetic Fluorescent Bead-Based Dual-Reporter Flow Analysis of PDL1-Vaxx Peptide Vaccine-Induced Antibody Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is crucial in immune suppression, allowing tumors to evade immune surveillance.
  • While PD-L1 expression is low in colon cancer cells, its role in stromal versus epithelial compartments requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential impact of stromal and epithelial PD-L1 expression on overall survival (OS) in colon cancer patients.
  • To assess the correlation between PD-1/PD-L1 expression, CD8 T-cell infiltration, and clinical outcomes in primary tumors and liver metastases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a next-generation tissue microarray to analyze epithelial and stromal PD-L1 expression in 279 primary colon tumors and 14 liver metastases.
  • Quantified PD-L1 positivity and assessed stromal PD-1 expression, correlating these with intratumoral and stromal CD8 counts and overall survival.

Main Results:

  • Stromal PD-L1 and PD-1 expression correlated with less aggressive tumor behavior and improved OS and disease-free survival, respectively.
  • Tumor cell PD-L1 expression was less frequent, associated with aggressive features, but did not impact survival.
  • PD-L1 expression patterns were consistent between primary tumors and liver metastases; stromal PD-1 correlated with stromal PD-L1 and CD8 expression.

Conclusions:

  • Stromal PD-1 and PD-L1 expression may serve as valuable prognostic biomarkers in colon cancer.
  • Understanding the differential roles of stromal and tumor cell PD-L1 is critical for developing effective immunotherapies.