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Related Concept Videos

Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

91.4K
The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.5K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.5K
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

132.0K
G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
132.0K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.5K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.5K
Couple01:29

Couple

998
A couple is a pair of parallel forces equal in magnitude but in opposite directions. The forces are separated by a perpendicular distance, known as the couple's arm. The couple causes a rotation force or moment that rotates the body about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the forces. The resulting moment is referred to as the couple moment. The SI unit of a couple moment is the Newton-meter (N-m).
A typical example to understand this concept is tightening a bolt with a lug wrench. A...
998

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Use of Label-free Optical Biosensors to Detect Modulation of Potassium Channels by G-protein Coupled Receptors
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Electrical coupling and its channels.

Andrew L Harris1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ aharris@njms.rutgers.edu.

The Journal of General Physiology
|November 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical communication between neurons involves gap junctions, which allow direct current flow and transfer of small molecules. Connexins form these channels, mediating both electrical and chemical signaling in excitable tissues.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Early 20th-century research on neuronal communication primarily focused on chemical synaptic transmission.
  • Emerging evidence in the 1950s indicated limitations of chemical transmission to explain all electrical signaling between neurons.

Observation:

  • Direct intercellular pathways for current flow were identified, leading to the discovery of gap junctions.
  • Gap junction channels were found to mediate passive ion movement and transfer of small molecules between cells.

Findings:

  • Gap junctions facilitate both electrical and chemical signaling through the intercellular transfer of ions and small molecules.
  • Connexins, a protein family in vertebrates, form these crucial gap junction channels.
  • Biophysical techniques have been instrumental in characterizing gap junction channel structure and function.

Implications:

  • Understanding gap junctions is vital for comprehending electrical and chemical signaling in excitable tissues.
  • Connexin research elucidates mechanisms of intercellular communication, impacting neuroscience and cell biology.
  • The study of gap junctions has significantly advanced our knowledge of channelopathies and related diseases.