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Related Concept Videos

Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Subliminal Perception01:15

Subliminal Perception

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Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...
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Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
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Perception01:28

Perception

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Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
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Gestalt Principles of Perception01:21

Gestalt Principles of Perception

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Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
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Top-down and Bottom-up Regulated Auditory Phantom Perception.

Sven Vanneste1, Ola Alsalman2, Dirk De Ridder3

  • 1Laboratory for Clinical and Integrative Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, and sven.vanneste@utdallas.edu.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study identifies a new subtype of tinnitus linked to a faulty top-down noise-cancelling mechanism, distinct from hearing loss-related subtypes. This finding advances understanding of tinnitus heterogeneity and potential neural generators.

Keywords:
auditory cortexhearing lossparahippocampuspregenual anterior cingulate cortextinnitustop-down

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Tinnitus, a phantom auditory percept, is often linked to auditory deafferentation, leading to increased environmental uncertainty.
  • Existing models propose bottom-up tinnitus subtypes related to auditory and parahippocampal cortex changes, but don't explain tinnitus in individuals without hearing loss.
  • The heterogeneity of tinnitus underscores the need for a deeper understanding of its underlying neural mechanisms and diverse subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms of tinnitus, specifically exploring a potential top-down subtype.
  • To differentiate between top-down and bottom-up tinnitus mechanisms, particularly in relation to hearing loss.
  • To identify specific brain regions and functional changes associated with different tinnitus subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • A human study involving 72 participants (40.96 ± 7.67 years; 48 males, 24 females) was conducted.
  • The study controlled for hearing loss to isolate other tinnitus-related neural changes.
  • Neuroimaging or electrophysiological methods were used to assess brain activity, particularly in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and auditory cortex.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for a top-down type of tinnitus associated with a deficient noise-cancelling mechanism was found.
  • Top-down related tinnitus correlates with altered activity in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC).
  • Increased auditory cortex activity was observed in individuals with top-down tinnitus, distinguishing it from bottom-up subtypes linked to parahippocampal cortex changes.

Conclusions:

  • Tinnitus is a heterogeneous condition with distinct subtypes, including a top-down variant.
  • A deficient top-down noise-cancelling mechanism, linked to pgACC changes and increased auditory cortex activity, characterizes a specific tinnitus subtype.
  • These findings support the concept of multiple cortical compensation mechanisms underlying phantom auditory percepts like tinnitus.