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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Cascaded Op Amps01:16

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Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are versatile electronic components that can be interconnected in a cascade - one after another in a linear sequence. This cascading is possible due to their infinite input resistance and zero output resistance, allowing them to maintain their input-output relationships even when connected in series.
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols from L-lysine
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Electrometabolic Pathways: Recent Developments in Bioelectrocatalytic Cascades.

David P Hickey1, Erin M Gaffney1, Shelley D Minteer2

  • 1Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.

Topics in Current Chemistry (Cham)
|November 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores enzymatic catalytic cascades, comparing in vivo biological systems to novel synthetic biology applications. It highlights bio-inspired cascades for energy conversion, biosensing, and chemical production from waste.

Keywords:
BioelectrocatalysisCatalytic cascadesElectrocatalysisEnzymesMediated electron transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Synthetic Biology
  • Catalysis and Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Enzymatic pathways are central to biological chemistry, acting as protein catalyst cascades for metabolism.
  • Catalytic cascades in cell-free systems are a recent area of study, offering new synthetic possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review lessons from in vivo enzymatic pathways for synthetic biology.
  • To introduce novel enzymatic cascades for electrochemical energy production and conversion.
  • To discuss bio-inspired cascades for non-biological applications.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of in vivo and in vitro enzymatic cascades.
  • Review of synthetic biology approaches for cascade development.
  • Exploration of bio-inspired cascade designs for specific applications.

Main Results:

  • Enzymatic cascades offer efficient catalysis for both biological and synthetic applications.
  • Novel cascades are being developed for electrochemical energy conversion and chemical synthesis.
  • Bio-inspired cascades show promise in areas like biosensing and waste valorization.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding in vivo enzymatic pathways informs the design of synthetic catalytic cascades.
  • Catalytic cascades are versatile tools for energy, chemical production, and biosensing.
  • Further development of bio-inspired cascades can lead to sustainable chemical manufacturing and energy solutions.