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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
Slow oxidative, muscle fibers appear red due to large numbers of capillaries and high levels of...
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Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

Muscles of the Abdomen

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
Anterolateral Region
The anterolateral region comprises five paired muscles classified into the lateral and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice
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Muscle Atrophy in Cancer.

Jian Yang1,2, Richard Y Cao1,2, Qing Li1,2

  • 1Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cancer cachexia causes severe muscle atrophy, leading to physical impairment and reduced survival. This review details cancer-induced muscle wasting prevalence, mechanisms, effects, and treatments.

Keywords:
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Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide.
  • Muscle atrophy and cachexia are common, debilitating complications in cancer patients.
  • Muscle wasting significantly impairs quality of life and treatment tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of cancer-associated muscle atrophy.
  • To elucidate the prevalence, underlying mechanisms, and clinical impact of muscle wasting in cancer.
  • To summarize current therapeutic strategies for muscle atrophy in cancer patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cancer-related muscle atrophy.
  • Analysis of prevalence data across various cancer types.
  • Synthesis of research on the pathophysiology and clinical consequences.
  • Compilation of information on existing and emerging treatments.

Main Results:

  • Muscle atrophy is a hallmark of cancer cachexia, affecting diverse cancer types.
  • Mechanisms involve complex molecular pathways leading to muscle protein breakdown and inhibited synthesis.
  • Clinical effects include significant physical disability, reduced treatment efficacy, and poor prognosis.
  • Effective treatments remain a challenge, highlighting the need for further research.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer-associated muscle atrophy is a critical clinical issue with profound patient impact.
  • A deeper understanding of its mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies.
  • Integrated treatment approaches are needed to combat muscle wasting and improve outcomes.