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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
Slow oxidative, muscle fibers appear red due to large numbers of capillaries and high levels of...
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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
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The anterolateral region comprises five paired muscles classified into the lateral and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice
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Muscle Atrophy: Present and Future.

Richard Y Cao1,2, Jin Li3, Qiying Dai4,5

  • 1Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Muscle atrophy, a loss of muscle mass and strength, impacts numerous diseases and lacks effective treatments. This review covers diagnosis, mechanisms, and current/potential strategies to combat muscle wasting.

Keywords:
FutureMuscle atrophyPresent

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Muscle Physiology
  • Disease Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Muscle atrophy is characterized by significant loss of muscle mass and strength.
  • It is a common complication in severe diseases including cancer, AIDS, heart failure, COPD, renal failure, and burns.
  • Muscle atrophy, often with cachexia, severely degrades quality of life and increases mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic methods for muscle atrophy.
  • To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms driving muscle atrophy.
  • To discuss existing and novel therapeutic strategies for muscle atrophy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on muscle atrophy.
  • Analysis of diagnostic techniques and cellular pathways.
  • Evaluation of current and emerging treatment approaches.

Main Results:

  • Muscle atrophy is a complex condition with diverse underlying mechanisms.
  • Current treatments are limited, highlighting a significant unmet medical need.
  • Several promising therapeutic avenues are being explored to counteract muscle wasting.

Conclusions:

  • Effective diagnosis and understanding of cellular mechanisms are crucial for developing treatments.
  • There is an urgent need for effective therapies to manage muscle atrophy and improve patient outcomes.
  • Future research should focus on translating potential strategies into clinical practice to combat muscle wasting.