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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Pouring and Running a Protein Gel by reusing Commercial Cassettes

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Published on: February 12, 2012

N-nitrosomorpholine in potable reuse.

Caitlin M Glover¹, Edgard M Verdugo¹, Rebecca A Trenholm¹

¹Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.

|November 4, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) is a concern in U.S. potable reuse systems. Reverse osmosis (RO) and UV treatment are effective for NMOR removal, while oxidation and biofiltration are not. Granular activated carbon (GAC) shows limited effectiveness.

Keywords:

Advanced treatment Biological activated carbon Granular activated carbon N-nitrosomorpholine Ozonation Potable reuse Reverse osmosis UV photolysis

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Water Treatment Technologies
Public Health

Background:

N-nitrosamines, including N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), are a growing concern in potable reuse due to potential health risks.
Developing regulations for potable reuse necessitate a thorough understanding of NMOR occurrence and effective treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the occurrence of NMOR in U.S. potable reuse systems.
To evaluate the efficacy of various treatment technologies for NMOR removal.
To identify optimal treatment methods for NMOR mitigation in water reuse.

Main Methods:

Conducted bench-, pilot-, and full-scale tests on U.S. wastewater effluents and surface/stormwater samples.
Assessed NMOR levels before and after treatment with oxidation (chlorination, ozonation), biofiltration, granular activated carbon (GAC), reverse osmosis (RO), and UV-advanced oxidation.
Quantified NMOR using analytical methods and evaluated treatment performance based on removal efficiency and breakthrough.

Main Results:

NMOR was detected in 11 out of 12 wastewater effluents (average 20 ± 18 ng/L) and 2 out of 13 surface/stormwater samples.
Chloramination increased NMOR levels, suggesting it is not a typical disinfection byproduct.
Oxidation and biofiltration were ineffective; GAC showed rapid breakthrough. RO effectively removed NMOR over a year.
UV treatment alone degraded 90% of NMOR at a specific fluence dose, with minimal enhancement from hydrogen peroxide.

Conclusions:

Efficient NMOR removal in potable reuse systems is primarily achieved through reverse osmosis (RO) or UV treatment.
Conventional treatments like oxidation and biofiltration are insufficient for NMOR mitigation.
Further research into NMOR sources is needed, as it is not a common disinfection byproduct or commercially produced compound in the U.S.