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Related Concept Videos

Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

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The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs01:26

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Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Mass Spectrometry-Guided Genome Mining as a Tool to Uncover Novel Natural Products
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Mining the Microbiome for Drug Targets.

Qi Wang1, Fangming Yang1, Huijue Jia2

  • 1BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.

Methods in Enzymology
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The human microbiome, our "other genome," is crucial for understanding complex diseases. This study provides recommendations for reliable microbiome research to identify drug targets.

Keywords:
Complex diseasesMetagenome-wide association studiesMetagenomicsMicrobiome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Disease Research

Background:

  • The human microbiome, often called our "other genome," plays a significant role in complex diseases.
  • Genomic studies explain only part of disease susceptibility, highlighting the microbiome's importance.
  • The gut microbiome is a key focus for understanding human health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the inherent variability of the microbiome compared to the human genome.
  • To provide recommendations for robust microbiome research methodologies.
  • To facilitate the identification of genuine drug targets within the human microbiome.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current microbiome research best practices.
  • Development of a framework for rigorous microbiome study design.
  • Consideration of methodological challenges in microbiome analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key factors influencing microbiome study outcomes.
  • A proposed set of recommendations for improving the reliability of microbiome research.
  • Guidelines for targeting microbiome-associated drug development.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized and careful approaches are essential for valid microbiome research.
  • Implementing these recommendations can lead to the discovery of effective microbiome-based therapeutics.
  • The microbiome holds significant potential for novel drug target identification across various body sites.