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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.2K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.3K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.3K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.2K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.2K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Spinal Cord Transection In Xenopus laevis Tadpoles
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pH-Sensitive morphological transitions in polymeric tadpole assemblies for programmed tumor therapy.

Cunfeng Song1, Tongtong Lin1, Qiang Zhang1

  • 1State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|November 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Single-chain tadpole polymers self-assemble into larger structures dependent on pH. These pH-responsive assemblies demonstrate deep tumor tissue penetration and effectively deliver paclitaxel, showing therapeutic promise.

Keywords:
Antitumor agentsDrug deliverySingle-chain tadpole polymersTumor penetrationpH response

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Single-chain tadpole polymers (SCTPs) possess unique structures with intrachain crosslinked globules and pH-sensitive linear chains.
  • Self-assembly behavior of SCTPs is influenced by linear block length and pH, leading to larger multi-tadpole assemblies (MTAs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pH-dependent self-assembly and deep tissue penetration capabilities of SCTPs.
  • To evaluate the potential of MTAs for encapsulating and delivering hydrophobic drugs, such as paclitaxel (PTX).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of ultrafine SCTPs with varying linear block lengths.
  • pH-dependent self-assembly studies and characterization of MTAs.
  • Evaluation of ex vivo tumor multicellular spheroid penetration.
  • In vivo studies using 4T1 xenograft mouse models to assess therapeutic efficacy and biosafety of PTX-loaded MTAs.

Main Results:

  • SCTPs self-assemble into significantly larger MTAs in a pH-dependent manner.
  • MTAs demonstrated pH-dependent deep tissue penetration in ex vivo tumor models.
  • PTX-loaded MTAs exhibited excellent therapeutic efficacy and biosafety in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • The pH-responsive nature of MTAs enables deep tissue penetration in tumors.
  • MTAs serve as effective carriers for hydrophobic drugs, showing promise for cancer therapy.
  • These adaptable multi-compartment aggregates offer potential for designing advanced biological agents.