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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation
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Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation

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Diabetes and the solid organ transplant recipient.

Larry A Weinrauch1, Karim H Anis1, John A D'Elia1

  • 1Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
|November 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Solid organ transplant recipients face increased infection risks, particularly diabetics. This review highlights infection as a leading cause of death, emphasizing antibiotic resistance concerns.

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation
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Area of Science:

  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular risk screening significantly reduced post-transplant morbidity and mortality.
  • Long-term follow-up reveals increasing pulmonary and urinary tract infections, with sepsis, as major causes of mortality.
  • Infection-related endpoints now dominate all-cause mortality in transplant recipients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review infection risks across kidney, liver, heart, and lung transplant recipients.
  • To emphasize the heightened susceptibility of diabetic transplant recipients to infections.
  • To discuss the implications of antibiotic resistance due to repeated antibiotic prescriptions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of infection risks in solid organ transplant recipients.
  • Analysis of competing factors of morbidity and mortality, focusing on infection endpoints.
  • Specific examination of infection risks in diabetic patient populations undergoing immunosuppression.

Main Results:

  • Infection, including sepsis, is a significant competing cause of morbidity and mortality post-transplant.
  • Diabetic transplant recipients exhibit a markedly increased risk for bacterial and fungal infections.
  • Immunosuppression therapy exacerbates infection susceptibility in allograft recipients.

Conclusions:

  • Infection has emerged as a primary driver of mortality in solid organ transplant recipients.
  • Diabetic patients represent a particularly vulnerable subset requiring targeted infection prevention strategies.
  • The evolution of antibiotic-resistant pathogens necessitates careful antibiotic stewardship in this population.