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Magnetic clouds (MCs) with southward magnetic fields (Bz south) are key drivers of space weather. This study analyzes MCs from 1995-2017, finding most contain Bz south and originate closer to the solar disk center, impacting space weather.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Solar Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Magnetic clouds (MCs) are transient solar wind structures characterized by strong magnetic fields.
  • Southward magnetic fields (Bz south) within MCs and their sheath regions are primary drivers of space weather disturbances.
  • Understanding MCs is crucial for predicting and mitigating space weather impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive analysis of magnetic clouds (MCs) and their associated southward magnetic field (Bz south) components.
  • To investigate the relationship between MC characteristics, solar cycle phase, and occurrence frequency.
  • To determine the origin of MCs and their contribution to major space weather events like Dst storms.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of magnetic cloud (MC) and sheath region data from 1995 to 2017.
  • Quantification of southward magnetic field (Bz south) components within MCs and their sheaths.
  • Correlation analysis between MC properties (speed, magnitude, Bz polarity) and solar cycle phase.
  • Investigation of MC origins and their association with solar disk center proximity and active regions.

Main Results:

  • 85% of 303 analyzed MCs exhibited a southward magnetic field (Bz south) up to 50 nT.
  • Strongest magnetic magnitudes and Bz south in MCs occurred during the declining phase of the solar cycle.
  • Bipolar MCs showed solar-cycle dependence in polarity, while unipolar MCs showed dependence in occurrence frequency.
  • MCs with highest speeds and sheath Bz south originated from regions closer to the solar disk center.
  • Approximately 80% of large Dst storms were attributed to MC events, with combined sheath and MC southward fields causing the most significant storms.

Conclusions:

  • The solar-cycle dependence of bipolar MC polarity, linked to quiescent filaments and weak MCs, spans 42 years.
  • MCs originating from active region flares exhibit mixed Bz polarity, lacking solar-cycle dependence and posing forecasting challenges.
  • Southward magnetic fields in MCs and their sheaths are critical for understanding and predicting space weather events.
  • Proximity of MC source regions to the solar disk center influences their speed and magnetic field strength.