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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

Parallel transcriptome evolution in stream threespine sticklebacks.

Jun Kitano¹, Asano Ishikawa¹, Makoto Kusakabe²

¹Division of Ecological Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.

Development, Growth & Differentiation

|November 6, 2018

Summary

Parallel evolution of the brain transcriptome was observed in threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) ecotypes. Cis-regulatory changes primarily drive this parallel transcriptome evolution, impacting gene expression differences between marine and freshwater fish.

Keywords:

CSAD cis-regulatory changes convergent evolution gene expression trans-regulatory changes

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

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Published on: May 13, 2016

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

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Published on: May 7, 2016

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase

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Published on: May 29, 2008

Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Genomics
Neuroscience

Background:

Natural selection drives similar phenotypic evolution in independent lineages in similar environments.
Parallel evolution of the transcriptome is less understood than other traits.
The role of cis- and trans-regulatory changes in parallel transcriptome evolution is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate transcriptomic parallelism between marine and freshwater threespine stickleback ecotypes.
Determine the contribution of cis- and trans-regulatory changes to brain transcriptome divergence.
Utilize threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model for parallel evolution.

Main Methods:

Common garden experiments with Japanese and Canadian threespine stickleback ecotypes.
Microarray analysis of brain tissue to assess gene expression.
Re-analysis of expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data to identify regulatory regions.

Main Results:

Identified 103 genes with parallel expression differences between ecotypes, including those in taurine synthesis and glycoprotein hydrolysis pathways.
Observed significantly more genes with parallel expression (103) than antiparallel expression (71).
Found that most eQTLs are located on the same chromosome as their target transcripts, suggesting cis-regulation, with larger effect sizes.

Conclusions:

Brain transcriptome divergence between threespine stickleback ecotypes exhibits parallelism.
Parallel transcriptome evolution is primarily driven by cis-regulatory genetic changes.
This study provides insights into the genetic architecture of adaptation in natural populations.