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Related Concept Videos

Air-entraining Agents01:27

Air-entraining Agents

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Air-entraining agents improve the durability and workability of concrete in climates with frequent freezing and thawing. These agents prevent cracks by introducing small air bubbles into the mix, creating spaces accommodating water expansion when temperatures drop. The air-entraining agents lower the surface tension of water, forming stable, small air bubbles. This method is more effective than having accidental large voids, as the intentional, smaller, and evenly distributed air voids improve...
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Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete01:28

Effects of Air-entrainment in Concrete

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Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete01:23

Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
The pressure method,...
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Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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The Soil Ecosystem02:23

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Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not only on the chemical constituents but also on the presence of living organisms. In general, soils contain three major components:
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Bioremediation00:46

Bioremediation

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Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India
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Air Pollution in Europe.

Cedric D Koolen1, Gadi Rothenberg1

  • 1Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Chemsuschem
|November 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Air pollution in Europe causes serious health and environmental problems. Reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions offers the most urgent and beneficial solution for mitigating these impacts.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Air pollution in Europe poses significant risks to human health and ecosystems.
  • Key pollutants include ammonia, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter.
  • Understanding emission sources and trends is crucial for effective policy development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically assess the health and environmental impacts of major air pollutants in Europe.
  • To quantify the contribution of specific pollutants to years of life lost per capita.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of current legislation and identify priority areas for emission reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized level and trend assessments to quantify pollutant impacts.
Keywords:
environmental policyhealth risknitrogen oxidesozoneparticulate matter

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  • Analyzed data from individual EU member states and the EU as a whole.
  • Examined general and sector-specific emission trends.
  • Conducted a cost-benefit analysis of emission reduction strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Quantified the health burden (years of life lost per capita) associated with various air pollutants.
    • Identified significant connections between specific pollutants and adverse health/environmental effects.
    • Assessed the effectiveness of existing EU legislation in mitigating pollution.
    • Determined that further reduction in NOx emissions is the most urgent priority.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant health and environmental problems persist due to air pollution in Europe.
    • NOx emission reduction presents the most urgent and potentially beneficial strategy.
    • Current legislation requires enhancement to effectively reduce health risks and environmental damage.