Pleural Effusion I: Introduction
Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
Blind Procedures
Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps
Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps
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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Paolo Carlucci1, Marco Trigiani2, Pier A Mori3
1Respiratory Unit, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy - paolo.carlucci@asst-santipaolocarlo.it.
Diagnosing pleural diseases can be challenging, but procedures like medical thoracoscopy (MT) offer high diagnostic yields for conditions such as pleural malignancies and tuberculosis. MT is crucial for interventional pulmonology training.
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