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Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Bias

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...

Sex-linked Disorders

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

Correspondence Bias

Correspondence Bias

Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the...

Self-Serving Bias

Self-Serving Bias

Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...

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Sex bias in autoimmunity.

Allison C Billi¹, J Michelle Kahlenberg², Johann E Gudjonsson¹

¹Department of Dermatology.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

|November 6, 2018

Summary

Sex bias in autoimmune diseases stems from a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, microbial, and environmental factors. Recent research highlights specific genetic drivers and the gut microbiome

Area of Science:

Immunology
Genetics
Microbiology

Background:

Autoimmune diseases exhibit significant sex bias, disproportionately affecting females.
The underlying mechanisms are multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent literature on the mechanisms driving sex bias in autoimmune diseases.
To provide an overview of genetic, hormonal, microbial, and environmental influences.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recently published articles.
Analysis of studies investigating genetic, hormonal, and microbial contributions to sex bias.

Main Results:

Sex hormones influence immune cell activity and gene expression.

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X and Y chromosomes, including X chromosome inactivation escapees, play a role in autoimmunity.

Gut microbiota interactions with the immune system are increasingly recognized.

Conclusions:

Sex bias in autoimmune disease arises from a complex interaction between sex chromosomes, hormones, microbiota, and environmental factors.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate these intricate relationships.