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Related Concept Videos

Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

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Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Active Filters

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Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:
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Guidelines and Strategies for Safe Computer Charting

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The guidelines and strategies provided by the American Nurses Association (ANA) and the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) offer essential principles for ensuring safe and secure computer charting systems in healthcare settings. Let's break down each recommendation:
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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

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Efficient UV Filter Solubilizers Prevent Recrystallization Favoring Accurate and Safe Sun Protection.

Ivan D da Silva Souza1, Emma Berkowitz1, John D Chea1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering , Rowan University , 201 Mullica Hill Road , Glassboro , New Jersey 08028-1701 , United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preventing UV filter recrystallization is key for sunscreen efficacy. Hydrophobic solubilizers can improve sunscreen stability, but their performance varies with formulation, requiring careful selection for optimal sun protection.

Keywords:
UV filterscrystallizationsolubilizerssunscreensultraviolet radiation

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Materials Science
  • Photoprotection

Background:

  • Sunscreen efficacy relies on stable UV filters.
  • UV filter recrystallization compromises photoprotection and formulation stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate hydrophobic solubilizers' ability to prevent UV filter recrystallization.
  • To assess the impact of formulation components on solubilizer performance.
  • To develop a method for predicting UV filter recrystallization.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of UV filter recrystallization via ultrasonication, temperature variation, and simulated use.
  • Determination of maximum UV filter solubility in various solubilizers.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for crystal analysis.
  • Application of Hansen Solubility Parameters.

Main Results:

  • Hydrophobic solubilizers generally outperform ethanol in preventing recrystallization in pre-solutions.
  • Solubilizer efficacy is formulation-dependent, with final product components altering performance.
  • Some UV filters form liquid clusters mimicking crystalline behavior, impacting skin distribution.
  • A novel, time-saving method for predicting recrystallization in clear systems was developed.

Conclusions:

  • Careful selection of hydrophobic solubilizers is crucial for stable sunscreen formulations.
  • Understanding UV filter behavior, including liquid clustering, is essential for effective sun protection.
  • The developed prediction method can aid in enhancing sunscreen efficacy during product development.