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Related Concept Videos

Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
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Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
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Enzyme Kinetics01:19

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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the...
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A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings
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Wearable Bioelectronics: Enzyme-Based Body-Worn Electronic Devices.

Jayoung Kim1, Itthipon Jeerapan1, Juliane R Sempionatto1

  • 1Department of NanoEngineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States.

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Wearable bioelectronic devices utilizing enzyme electrodes show promise for noninvasive biomarker monitoring and energy harvesting. Further research into enzyme kinetics and stability is crucial for robust on-body applications in healthcare and beyond.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioelectronics
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Bioelectronics merges biomaterials and electronics for diverse applications like biofuel cells, biosensors, ingestibles, and implantables.
  • Enzyme-based bioelectronics, leveraging biocatalytic reactions, is central to wearable devices, particularly using oxidoreductase enzymes.
  • Wearable enzyme electrodes offer significant potential for noninvasive biomarker monitoring and epidermal energy harvesting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail recent advancements in wearable bioelectronic devices.
  • To discuss future challenges and prospects for on-body, noninvasive bioelectronic systems.
  • To highlight the role of enzyme-based bioelectronics in enhancing wearable device capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Interfacing biocatalytic layers onto wearable electronic devices.
  • Developing flexible and stretchable bioelectronic platforms with tissue-like mechanical properties.
  • Investigating enzyme electron-transfer kinetics, stability, and immobilization strategies.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated promise of wearable bioelectronic devices for selective noninvasive biomarker monitoring (e.g., in sweat, saliva).
  • Showcased potential for epidermal energy harvesting through enzyme-based biofuel cells (e.g., using glucose, lactate).
  • Highlighted the importance of understanding enzyme behavior under uncontrolled on-body conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Enzymatic bioelectronics offers a powerful platform for advanced wearable applications in healthcare, sports, environmental monitoring, and defense.
  • Addressing challenges in enzyme stability, electron transfer, and device mechanics is key to realizing the full potential of these systems.
  • Leveraging biocatalysis, electrochemistry, and flexible electronics can lead to significant impacts across various fields.