Surface Characteristics Control the Attachment and Functionality of (Chimeric) Avidin

The physical adsorption (physisorption) of proteins to surfaces is an important but incompletely understood factor in many biological processes and is of increasing significance in bionanotechnology as well. Avidin is an important protein because of strong avidin-biotin binding, which has been exploited in numerous applications. We have undertaken thorough experimentation on the physisorption of avidin, to chemically different flat surfaces of Si and graphite and also to the curved version of the latter, on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) of different diameters. The difference in the behavior of avidin on Si versus graphite is drastic; on Si, avidin deposits as single globular tetrameric units and maintains functionality, whereas on graphite, it forms irregular networks of two-layer thick filaments, where the first layer has lost its biological activity. On MWNTs, avidin also deposits as one-dimensional formations, or stripes, but these appear to order in a perpendicular arrangement to the MWNT axis. A better understanding of protein-surface interactions is essential for the development of robust and reliable methods for biofunctionalization of materials. This work also provides insights into the importance of the nanoscale surface architecture.