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Genetics and epigenetics in obesity.

Kerstin Rohde1, Maria Keller2, Lars la Cour Poulsen3

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Obesity is a major global health issue influenced by genetics and environment. This review explores how epigenetic regulation contributes to both rare monogenic and common multifactorial obesity.

Keywords:
Epigenetic markersGenetic variantsObesityPrecision medicineTissue specificity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Obesity is a significant global health challenge with increasing prevalence.
  • It is recognized as a heritable trait, involving complex genetic and environmental interactions.
  • The hypothalamus and brain-adipose axis are critical in regulating energy balance, appetite, hunger, and satiety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on monogenic and common obesity.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding the role of epigenetic regulation in obesity etiology.
  • To explore the interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and epigenetic mechanisms in obesity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on monogenic and multifactorial obesity.
  • Analysis of genetic studies, including Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS).
  • Examination of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating environmental influences on obesity risk.

Main Results:

  • Monogenic obesity, caused by rare mutations (e.g., in the leptin gene), demonstrates the critical role of specific genes in appetite regulation.
  • Common obesity involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, epigenetic factors, and environmental influences.
  • While genetic variants are linked to obesity, they explain only a small portion of Body Mass Index (BMI) variability, indicating the importance of other factors.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial in mediating the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in the development of obesity.
  • Understanding these epigenetic contributions is vital for elucidating the complex etiology of common obesity.
  • Further research into epigenetic regulation offers potential avenues for novel obesity interventions.