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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

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Contributed Review: Advanced three-dimensional laser radar imaging with the airborne optical systems testbed.

Marius A Albota¹, Rajan Gurjar¹, Anthony Mangognia¹

¹MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Active Optical Systems Group, ISR and Tactical Systems Division, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|November 8, 2018

Summary

A new airborne 3D laser radar (ladar) system offers high-speed, day-and-night imaging. This advanced system enables detailed terrain and foliage penetration, supporting diverse remote sensing applications.

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Area of Science:

Geospatial technology
Remote sensing
Optical engineering

Background:

Advanced airborne laser radar (ladar) systems are crucial for high-resolution 3D mapping.
Existing systems often face limitations in coverage rate, operational conditions, and data acquisition capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a state-of-the-art airborne 3D laser radar system with enhanced capabilities.
To demonstrate the system's performance in various imaging and ranging applications.

Main Methods:

Development of an airborne ladar testbed utilizing a low-power, eye-safe near-IR laser transmitter.
Integration of a large-pixel-format photon-counting detector array and a fast-scanning beam pointing mechanism.
Implementation of sensor fusion with electro-optical infrared cameras and hyperspectral payloads.

Main Results:

Achieved area coverage rates exceeding 150 km²/h.
Demonstrated day-and-night operational capability.
Collected high-resolution 3D data for open terrain and foliage-penetrating imaging, as well as laser ranging and tracking.

Conclusions:

The developed airborne 3D laser radar system represents a significant advancement in geospatial data acquisition.
The system's versatility supports a wide range of advanced imaging and remote sensing applications.
Future configurations can further enhance capabilities for specialized missions.