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Related Concept Videos

Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

3.0K
Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
3.0K
Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

1.5K
An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
1.5K
Internal Energy02:00

Internal Energy

36.8K
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
36.8K
Internal Energy01:29

Internal Energy

7.0K
The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
7.0K
Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

74.7K
Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
74.7K
Electric Flux01:15

Electric Flux

10.0K
The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given area. More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field within an area. For a better understanding, consider an open rectangular surface with a small area that is placed in a uniform electric field. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it and, hence, the greater the flux; similarly, the stronger the electric field (represented by a greater density of lines), the greater the flux. On the other hand, if...
10.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading
10:49

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Published on: March 6, 2014

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Note: Internal diamagnetic flux measurements on ASDEX Upgrade.

L Giannone1, R Fischer1, J C Fuchs1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 85748 Garching, Germany.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|November 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Internal diamagnetic flux measurements are now available on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. These measurements are compared with simulations and equilibrium reconstruction for improved plasma diagnostics.

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Fusion energy research

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of plasma properties is crucial for magnetic confinement fusion.
  • Diamagnetic flux is a key indicator of plasma pressure and toroidal current.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate internal diamagnetic flux measurements within the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak.
  • To compare in-situ measurements with established simulation and reconstruction techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Installation of measurement loops and compensation magnetic probes inside the vacuum vessel.
  • Acquisition of diamagnetic flux data at two toroidal positions (180° separation).
  • Comparison of measured data with outputs from plasma simulations and equilibrium reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Successful implementation of internal diamagnetic flux measurement system.
  • Demonstration of the capability to compare measured flux with simulated and reconstructed values.
  • Initial validation of the measurement technique against theoretical models.

Conclusions:

  • Internal diamagnetic flux measurements provide a new diagnostic capability for ASDEX Upgrade.
  • The results support the validity of the measurement technique for plasma characterization.
  • Further analysis will refine the understanding of plasma behavior through these measurements.