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Related Concept Videos

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
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Generation of Multicue Cellular Microenvironments by UV-Photopatterning of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Substrates
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A Multiple-Cell Microenvironment in a 3-Dimensional System Enhances Direct Cellular Reprogramming Into Hepatic

L-Y Wang1, L-P Liu1, J-Y Ge2

  • 1Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Developing renewable human hepatocytes is crucial for regenerative medicine. Liver organoids in 3D systems offer a controllable and efficient method for generating these cells, showing great potential for various applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Primary human hepatocytes are difficult to proliferate and maintain, necessitating alternative sources for regenerative medicine.
  • Liver organoids offer a promising solution by providing a renewable source of functional hepatocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient method for generating human induced hepatocytes using liver organoids in a 3D system.
  • To evaluate the potential of liver organoids for applications in disease modeling, pharmaceuticals, and transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Human hepatocytes were induced from fibroblasts via lentiviral expression of FOXA3, HNF1A, and HNF4A.
  • Liver organoids were constructed using induced hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and stem cells in a 3D microenvironment.
  • Gene and protein expression of liver-specific markers were analyzed in both 2D and 3D systems.

Main Results:

  • Liver organoids significantly upregulated hepatic transcription factors, marker genes, transporter genes, and metabolic enzyme genes.
  • Fibroblast-specific gene expression was decreased in liver organoids.
  • Comparable levels of liver-specific proteins (ALB, AAT, HNF4A) were observed in the 3D organoid system.

Conclusions:

  • Direct reprogramming within 3D multiple-cell microenvironments is more controllable and efficient than 2D systems.
  • Liver organoids demonstrate significant potential for disease modeling, drug development, and cell-based therapies.