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Understanding how a drug's concentration fluctuates within the body over time is crucial in pharmacokinetics, particularly with multiple oral doses. A graphical representation of multiple oral dosages provides insight into these dynamics. Typical accumulation curves of a drug's concentration in the body reveal a sawtooth pattern, indicating periodic peaks and troughs correlating with each dose administration and the drug's subsequent elimination.The plasma concentration at any time during an...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Composite Scaffolds of Interfacial Polyelectrolyte Fibers for Temporally Controlled Release of Biomolecules
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Universal intracellular biomolecule delivery with precise dosage control.

Y Cao1, H Chen2, R Qiu3

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Science Advances
|November 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel nanostraw-electroporation system (NES) enables precise, quantitative intracellular delivery of biomolecules like mRNA and DNA. This method ensures high cell viability and controlled dosage for diverse research and therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Bioengineering

Background:

  • Intracellular delivery of macromolecules is crucial for biological research and therapies.
  • Current methods face challenges with variable delivery amounts, limited cell types, and cargo restrictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitatively controlled intracellular delivery system.
  • To overcome limitations of existing delivery methods for various cell types and cargoes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a nanostraw-electroporation system (NES) with cells cultured on track-etched membranes.
  • Applied low-voltage electric fields to create local, non-damaging cell membrane poration.
  • Employed field electrophoresis for simultaneous cargo injection through nanostraws.

Main Results:

  • Achieved quantitatively controlled delivery with tight dosage distribution across various primary cells and cell lines.
  • Demonstrated precise control over delivery amount via voltage, duration, and reagent concentration.
  • Showcased high efficiency (>95% viability) for over 100,000 cells in 20 seconds, with cargo and cell density flexibility.

Conclusions:

  • The NES system offers facile, dosage-controlled intracellular delivery for broad biological applications.
  • NES is effective for primary cells, adaptable to different cell densities, and largely cargo-agnostic.
  • This technology enables simultaneous delivery of multiple molecules in specific ratios.