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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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Performance evaluation of the next generation solid-state digital photon counting PET/CT system.

Jun Zhang1, Piotr Maniawski2, Michael V Knopp3

  • 1Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 395 W. 12th Avenue, Room 430, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.

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The first clinical digital photon counting (DPC) PET/CT system using solid-state silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) shows significant performance improvements. This advanced DPC PET/CT offers excellent image quality and lesion detectability for improved diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Physics

Background:

  • Introduction of the first solid-state digital photon counting (DPC) clinical PET/CT system by Philips.
  • This system utilizes lutetiumyttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) scintillators directly coupled with individual SiPM DPC detectors, eliminating the need for Anger-logic positioning.
  • Evaluation of a next-generation DPC clinical PET/CT system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the system performance, characteristics, and stability of the new DPC clinical PET/CT system.
  • To compare its capabilities against conventional systems using established NEMA standards.
  • To assess its potential for clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Performance evaluation using NEMA NU2-2012 and NEMA NU2-2018 (timing resolution) standards.
  • Assessment of spatial resolution, sensitivity, noise equivalent count rate (NECR), scatter fraction, and count rate performance.
  • Evaluation of hot and cold sphere contrast, timing resolution, energy resolution stability, and recovery coefficients.

Main Results:

  • Measured energy resolution of 11.2% and spatial resolution ranging from 3.96 mm (axial) to 5.83 mm (tangential) at 20 cm depth.
  • System sensitivity of 5.7 cps/kBq; peak NECR and true count rate increased up to 1100 MBq.
  • Maximum NECR of 171 kcps, scatter fraction of 30.8%, and timing resolution of 322-332 ps.
  • Excellent stability over 31 months with <1% change in TOF timing and ±0.4% change in energy resolution.
  • High contrast recovery coefficients (60-100%) across various sphere sizes and contrast levels.

Conclusions:

  • The solid-state DPC PET/CT represents a significant technological advancement over traditional photomultiplier tube (PMT) systems.
  • The system demonstrates substantial improvements in performance, characteristics, and excellent time-of-flight (TOF) capability.
  • This DPC system offers promising clinical opportunities with superior image quality, enhanced lesion detectability, and increased diagnostic confidence.