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This study introduces a quantitative method to analyze bone use-wear, revealing how duration and material type impact bone surface changes over time. Quantitative bone wear analysis offers a reliable way to study tool use in archaeology.

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeological science
  • Materials science
  • Experimental archaeology

Background:

  • Traditional use-wear analysis on bone tools is often qualitative and subjective.
  • Understanding the dynamic formation and evolution of bone surface traces over time is limited.
  • Existing methods struggle with reliability and replicability in reconstructing past tool use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply an innovative quantitative method for studying bone surface traces.
  • To investigate the fundamental principles of use-wear formation on bone over extended periods.
  • To assess the influence of material type and initial manufacturing state on bone wear patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled mechanical experiments involving bone specimens subjected to wear.
  • Incremental molding of bone surfaces to capture wear progression.
  • 3D surface texture analysis using confocal microscopy and ISO 25178 parameters (Sa, Sal, Spc, Smr1).
  • Multilevel multivariate Bayesian modeling to analyze parameter variations.

Main Results:

  • Duration of use significantly alters bone surface texture, distinguishing unworked bone from heavily used or modified bone.
  • Scraping with flint creates distinct wear traces compared to unworked bone.
  • Material type influences the rate of bone alteration; fresh skin accelerates wear compared to leather or bark.
  • Wear traces are not always material-specific but affect the rate and nature of bone transformation.

Conclusions:

  • The novel quantitative approach provides a more reliable and replicable method for analyzing bone use-wear.
  • Experimental data clarifies how bone surface characteristics evolve with use duration and material interaction.
  • This study establishes a foundation for future research on bone as a raw material in archaeology.