Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

56.1K
According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
56.1K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.9K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.9K
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

132.0K
G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
132.0K
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

27.1K
RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
27.1K
Introduction to Special Senses01:26

Introduction to Special Senses

7.5K
Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
7.5K
Fixed Action Patterns01:06

Fixed Action Patterns

17.7K
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
17.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CNOT3 supports ILC2 differentiation and function by destabilizing Tbx21 and Rorc transcripts.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2026
Same author

PD-1 genetic fate mapping uncovers immune cell diversity mediating the efficacy of combined PD-1 blockade and chemotherapy.

Oncoimmunology·2026
Same author

Mutations in VPS18 lead to a neutrophil maturation defect associated with disturbed vesicle homeostasis.

Cell death & disease·2026
Same author

Quiescent ILC1 cells confer protection against MCMV infection during undernutrition.

Cell reports·2025
Same author

ARNAX is an ideal adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccines to enhance antigen-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell responses and neutralizing antibody induction.

Journal of virology·2025
Same author

Poly(I:C) signaling induces robust CXCL10 production and apoptosis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.

Human cell·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
06:44

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

Published on: January 26, 2019

8.4K

Extracellular RNA Sensing by Pattern Recognition Receptors.

Megumi Tatematsu1,2, Kenji Funami3, Tsukasa Seya3

  • 1Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan, Megumi.Tatematsu@med.uni-muenchen.de.

Journal of Innate Immunity
|November 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human immune system detects microbial RNA using pattern recognition receptors to trigger defenses. Understanding RNA sensing mechanisms can enhance RNA adjuvants for cancer vaccines and incurable diseases.

Keywords:
EndosomeExtracellular RNAInnate immune signalingRNA uptakeToll-like receptor

More Related Videos

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
12:43

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE

Published on: July 29, 2014

12.7K
Electronic Tongue Generating Continuous Recognition Patterns for Protein Analysis
08:46

Electronic Tongue Generating Continuous Recognition Patterns for Protein Analysis

Published on: September 16, 2014

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
06:44

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

Published on: January 26, 2019

8.4K
Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
12:43

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE

Published on: July 29, 2014

12.7K
Electronic Tongue Generating Continuous Recognition Patterns for Protein Analysis
08:46

Electronic Tongue Generating Continuous Recognition Patterns for Protein Analysis

Published on: September 16, 2014

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • RNA serves as genetic material and a messenger in various organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.
  • The human innate immune system detects microbial RNA via pattern recognition receptors, initiating defense responses like type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines.
  • Strict regulation of RNA sensor activation prevents self-RNA recognition, avoiding autoimmune issues and chronic inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of RNA sensing by the human innate immune system.
  • To explore the role of RNA sensors in distinguishing microbial RNA from self-RNA.
  • To investigate the potential of RNA as vaccine adjuvants for immune enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Localization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to endosomes/lysosomes for sensing internalized RNA via endocytosis.
  • Cytosolic sensing of RNA by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs).
  • Analysis of cell type-specific expression patterns of RNA sensors.

Main Results:

  • TLRs and RLRs are key pattern recognition receptors for detecting microbial RNA.
  • Both endosomal and cytoplasmic RNA sensors possess mechanisms to differentiate between pathogenic and self-RNA.
  • RNA molecules show potential as vaccine adjuvants for enhancing immune responses against cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Detailed understanding of RNA sensing pathways is crucial for harnessing their therapeutic potential.
  • RNA adjuvants could be clinically valuable for improving cancer vaccines and treating incurable diseases.
  • Targeting RNA-sensing mechanisms offers a promising avenue for novel immunotherapies.