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Related Concept Videos

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

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Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay
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Apoprotein E and Reverse Cholesterol Transport.

Godfrey S Getz1, Catherine A Reardon2

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. getz@bsd.uchicago.edu.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) facilitates cholesterol efflux from cells and promotes reverse cholesterol transport, potentially reducing atherosclerosis. ApoE mimetic peptides are explored for therapeutic benefits.

Keywords:
apoprotein Echolesterol effluxhemopoietic stem cell progenitor cellsmacrophagemimetic peptidesreverse cholesterol transport

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Lipid Metabolism

Background:

  • Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a key protein in lipoprotein metabolism.
  • Its primary role involves mediating lipoprotein clearance via LDL receptors.
  • ApoE also plays a crucial role in cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of apolipoprotein E in cellular cholesterol efflux.
  • To summarize findings on apoE's involvement in reverse cholesterol transport.
  • To discuss the potential of apoE mimetic peptides in promoting these pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating apolipoprotein E function.
  • Analysis of research on cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells.
  • Examination of studies related to reverse cholesterol transport mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Apolipoprotein E is integral to cholesterol efflux from atherosclerosis-relevant cells.
  • Reverse cholesterol transport, facilitated by apoE, aids in cholesterol excretion.
  • This process is implicated in the attenuation of atherosclerosis development.
  • Identification of apoE mimetic peptides that enhance these cholesterol-regulating pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Apolipoprotein E significantly contributes to cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
  • Targeting apoE-mediated pathways, potentially via mimetic peptides, offers a strategy for atherosclerosis management.
  • Further research into apoE mimetic peptides could yield novel therapeutic approaches.