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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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Farewell to Animal Testing: Innovations on Human Intestinal Microphysiological Systems.

Tae Hyun Kang1, Hyun Jung Kim2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. thkang@utexas.edu.

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|November 9, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human intestinal disease models are improved by the Gut-on-a-Chip system, which mimics peristalsis and flow to better study host-microbe interactions and gut pathophysiology.

Keywords:
disease modelgut-on-a-chiphost-microbe interactioninflammatory bowel diseaseintestinemicrobiomemicrophysiological system

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microfluidics
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Intestinal homeostasis relies on host-microbe interactions, epithelium, immune components, and peristalsis.
  • Existing human intestinal disease models struggle to accurately predict pathophysiology.
  • Organoid models lack luminal flow and peristalsis, limiting host-microbe crosstalk simulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss advances in human intestinal microphysiological systems.
  • To highlight the Gut-on-a-Chip model for recapitulating intestinal functions and pathophysiology.
  • To explore future perspectives of microphysiological systems for personalized drug validation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing microfluidics, tissue engineering, and clinical microbiology.
  • Developing biomimetic human "Gut-on-a-Chip" systems.
  • Incorporating villus epithelium, gut microbiota, and immune components with peristalsis-like motion and flow.

Main Results:

  • Gut-on-a-Chip systems reconstitute the transmural 3D lumen-capillary tissue interface.
  • These systems recapitulate organ-level intestinal functions.
  • The models successfully emulate intestinal disorder pathophysiology, including chronic inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Microphysiological systems, like Gut-on-a-Chip, offer advanced platforms for studying intestinal health and disease.
  • These systems overcome limitations of traditional models by incorporating dynamic physiological conditions.
  • Future microphysiological systems hold promise for personalized preclinical drug validation.