Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

65.3K
The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
65.3K
The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

33.7K
Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
33.7K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

48.5K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
48.5K
Variability: Analysis01:11

Variability: Analysis

511
Measures of variability are statistical metrics that reveal the dispersion pattern within a dataset. They are pivotal in biostatistics, providing insights into the heterogeneity within health and biological data. Variability signifies the degree to which data points diverge from one another, helping researchers understand the potential range of values and associated uncertainty within the data.
The range is a simple measure of variability, indicating the difference between the highest and...
511
Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

17.8K
A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
17.8K
Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Electromagnetic Waves

11.4K
James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws...
11.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Blurred and occluded target recognition in terahertz images based on improved YOLOv5.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Intelligent optical pH sensing via metasurface spectral encoding and machine learning.

Applied optics·2026
Same author

Trends in Asthma-Rhinitis Allergic Multimorbidity and Polysensitization in China: The CARRAD Study.

MedComm·2026
Same author

EPreNet: A Condition-Guided Network Accelerates Etching Profile Prediction.

Micromachines·2026
Same author

High Risk for Rare Autosomal Trisomies Detected by Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing: Prenatal Diagnosis and Pregnancy Outcomes.

Prenatal diagnosis·2026
Same author

Distribution and fracture characteristics of major lithologic associations in the Upper Paleozoic Ordos Basin.

Scientific reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
08:27

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation

Published on: August 28, 2017

5.7K

Variable-Focus Liquid Lens Integrated with a Planar Electromagnetic Actuator.

Liang Wang1,2, Junping Duan3,4, Binzhen Zhang5,6

  • 1Science and Technology on Electronic Test & Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China. biomemswl@gmail.com.

Micromachines
|November 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel electromagnetically actuated liquid lens with tunable focus. The device, built with PMMA, SU-8, and PDMS, offers a wide focal length range and fast response, suitable for microfluidic integration.

Keywords:
electromagnetic actuationfocal lengthliquid lensplanar coilultraviolet photolithography (UV-LIGA)

More Related Videos

Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators
12:04

Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators

Published on: May 20, 2018

9.5K
Free-form Light Actuators — Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale
08:17

Free-form Light Actuators — Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale

Published on: May 25, 2016

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
08:27

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation

Published on: August 28, 2017

5.7K
Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators
12:04

Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators

Published on: May 20, 2018

9.5K
Free-form Light Actuators — Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale
08:17

Free-form Light Actuators — Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale

Published on: May 25, 2016

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Optoelectronics
  • Microfluidics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Variable-focus liquid lenses are crucial for compact optical systems.
  • Electromagnetic actuation offers precise control for lens parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design, fabricate, and characterize a new electromagnetically actuated variable-focus liquid lens.
  • To evaluate the lens's performance in terms of surface profiling, optical observation, focal length variation, and dynamic response.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates, SU-8 substrate, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane, a permanent magnet, and a planar electromagnetic actuator.
  • Performance testing including surface profiling, optical observation with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, focal length measurement across varying currents, and dynamic response speed analysis.

Main Results:

  • Increasing current causes the PDMS membrane to bulge, reducing the radius of curvature and blurring the image.
  • The focal length varied from -133 to -390 mm and 389 to 61 mm as current changed from -1 to 1.2 A.
  • Actuation and relaxation times were measured at 340 ms and 460 ms, respectively, with a 0.8 A square-wave current.

Conclusions:

  • The developed liquid lens exhibits tunable focal length controlled by electromagnetic actuation.
  • The lens demonstrates a planar structure, facilitating integration with microfluidic chips and medical instruments.
  • This technology holds promise for advanced optical sensing and imaging applications.