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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

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Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

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Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides
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3C-Silicon Carbide Microresonators for Timing and Frequency Reference.

Graham S Wood1, Boris Sviličić2, Enrico Mastropaolo3

  • 1Scottish Microelectronics Centre, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK. g.s.wood@ed.ac.uk.

Micromachines
|November 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators made of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) offer robust alternatives to quartz. Electrothermal and piezoelectric methods enable efficient actuation and frequency tuning for harsh environment applications.

Keywords:
actuation methodsfrequency tuningresonatorssilicon carbide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonators are being developed to replace traditional quartz crystals for miniaturized and integrated reference oscillators.
  • Silicon is a common material for MEMS resonators due to established fabrication processes.
  • Cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) is a promising alternative material for MEMS resonators intended for harsh environments, offering robustness, chemical inertness, and high-temperature stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore actuation and frequency tuning methods for 3C-SiC MEMS resonators.
  • To investigate the potential of 3C-SiC resonators in demanding operational conditions.
  • To compare different actuation and transduction techniques for 3C-SiC resonators.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated electrostatic, electrothermal, and piezoelectric actuation methods for 3C-SiC resonators.
  • Explored electrostatic and piezoelectric transduction for electrical readout.
  • Studied frequency tuning by adjusting DC bias, comparing electrothermal and piezoelectric tuning ranges.

Main Results:

  • Electrothermal and piezoelectric actuation methods offer simpler fabrication and lower driving voltages (down to 0.5 V) compared to electrostatic actuation.
  • Optimizing electrode design and placement can maximize vibration amplitude at resonance.
  • Electrothermal tuning provides a significantly wider frequency tuning range (up to 160 times greater) than piezoelectric tuning, with electrothermal tuning lowering frequency and piezoelectric tuning raising it.

Conclusions:

  • 3C-SiC MEMS resonators are suitable for harsh environments, with electrothermal and piezoelectric actuation/tuning offering practical advantages.
  • The choice of actuation and transduction methods impacts performance metrics like driving voltage and frequency tuning range.
  • Further optimization of electrode design and tuning mechanisms can enhance the performance of 3C-SiC resonators for advanced oscillator applications.