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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Induced Microglia-Like Cell Technology to Shed Light on the Role of Microglial Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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Self-translation induced minimum audible angle.

Olli S Rummukainen1, Sebastian J Schlecht1, Emanuël A P Habets1

  • 1International Audio Laboratories Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany olli.rummukainen@iis.fraunhofer.de, sebastian.schlecht@audiolabs-erlangen.de, emanuel.habets@audiolabs-erlangen.de.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|November 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Listener self-translation creates a minimum audible angle of 3.3 degrees. This study validates headphone systems for accurate sound localization experiments, comparable to traditional loudspeaker setups.

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory perception
  • Psychoacoustics
  • Spatial hearing

Background:

  • The minimum audible angle (MAA) is crucial for understanding sound localization.
  • Previous studies primarily used stationary listeners and sound sources.
  • Listener movement as a source of spatial cues remains less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the minimum audible angle induced by listener self-translation.
  • To validate headphone-based audio reproduction for MAA experiments.
  • To compare self-translation MAA with traditional stationary listener MAA.

Main Methods:

  • Replication of the classic stationary listener MAA experiment using headphones.
  • Experimentation involving listener self-translation relative to a fixed sound source.
  • Measurement of the minimum audible angle in the horizontal plane.

Main Results:

  • Headphone reproduction system demonstrated localization cue resolution comparable to loudspeaker systems.
  • The minimum audible angle induced by listener self-translation was determined to be 3.3°.
  • Self-translation provides a significant cue for sound source localization.

Conclusions:

  • Headphone-based systems are suitable for precise auditory spatial perception research.
  • Listener self-translation is an effective method for inducing a measurable minimum audible angle.
  • The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of spatial hearing mechanisms.