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Related Concept Videos

Synaptic Signaling01:12

Synaptic Signaling

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Functionalism01:11

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William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce were instrumental in founding functional psychology, which draws heavily from Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory suggests that individual traits, including behaviors, are adapted to their environments through natural selection. At the heart of functionalism is the concept of adaptation, meaning that a trait enhances an individual's chances of survival and reproduction.
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Preparation of Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rats and Transgenic Mice for the Study of Synaptic Alterations during Aging and Amyloid Pathology
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Retromer in Synaptic Function and Pathology.

Lennart Brodin1, Oleg Shupliakov1,2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden.

Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
|November 9, 2018
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Summary

The retromer complex is crucial for protein transport in neurons. Its dysfunction may initiate neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's by affecting synaptic health.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseG protein-coupled receptorParkinson’s diseaseVPS35endosomeionotropic receptorretromersynaptic vesicle

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The retromer complex facilitates the transport of transmembrane proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or plasma membrane.
  • Retromer dysfunction is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • Synaptic dysfunction is a hallmark of these neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of retromer-dependent protein trafficking in synaptic compartments (pre- and postsynaptic).
  • To review recent findings on retromer's function in the trafficking of key synaptic proteins.
  • To explore the potential involvement of synaptic retromer dysfunction in the early stages of neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research findings.
  • Analysis of retromer's role in trafficking synaptic vesicle proteins.
  • Examination of retromer's involvement with neurotransmitter receptors and other synaptic proteins.

Main Results:

  • Retromer plays a significant role in trafficking essential synaptic proteins.
  • Dysfunction in retromer pathways impacts synaptic protein localization and function.
  • Evidence suggests synapses are early sites of pathology in neurodegenerative conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Retromer is vital for maintaining synaptic integrity through proper protein trafficking.
  • Synaptic retromer dysfunction is a potential initiating factor in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research into synaptic retromer function is critical for understanding and treating AD and PD.