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Related Concept Videos

Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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Internal Energy02:00

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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Internal Energy01:29

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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
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Exosomal survivin facilitates vesicle internalization.

Amber Gonda1,2, Janviere Kabagwira1,3, Girish N Senthil1

  • 1Center for Health Disparities Research and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA.

Oncotarget
|November 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular survivin, a protein overexpressed in tumors, is carried by exosomes and enhances cancer cell progression. Blocking exosomal survivin reduces cancer cell uptake, revealing new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
cancer targetsexosomemembrane receptorssurvivintransferrin

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Transfer of Mammary Gland-forming Ability Between Mammary Basal Epithelial Cells and Mammary Luminal Cells via Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, is overexpressed in most cancer types.
  • A novel extracellular survivin population influences tumor progression.
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in cancer survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the uptake mechanism of extracellular survivin by cancer cells.
  • To elucidate the role of extracellular survivin in cancer progression.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets within the TME.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of exosomal carriers of extracellular survivin.
  • Tracking exosome uptake using lipophilic stain PKH67.
  • Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis.
  • Blocking exosomal survivin to assess its effect on internalization.

Main Results:

  • Blocking exosomal survivin significantly reduced exosome internalization.
  • Common membrane receptors (transferrin, endothelin B, insulin receptor alpha, glucocorticoid) facilitate exosomal uptake.
  • Extracellular survivin enhances the tumor phenotype upon internalization.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular survivin has a novel function in facilitating its own uptake by cancer cells.
  • Specific membrane receptors mediate exosome internalization, offering potential therapeutic targets.
  • Understanding these TME interactions can guide the development of new cancer therapies.