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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...

Molecules and Compounds

Molecules and Compounds

Atoms and Molecules

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch

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Published on: February 7, 2022

Manipulating azobenzene photoisomerization through strong light-molecule coupling.

J Fregoni^1,2, G Granucci³, E Coccia⁴

¹Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy.

Nature Communications

|November 10, 2018

Summary

Hybrid light-molecule states, or polaritons, offer novel ways to control molecular photochemistry. This study reveals unique polaritonic mechanisms, including altered reaction pathways and quantum yields, impacting complex chemical reactions.

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Area of Science:

Photochemistry
Quantum Chemistry
Chemical Physics

Background:

Hybrid light-molecule states (polaritons) present a novel avenue for manipulating molecular photochemistry.
A comprehensive understanding of polaritonic phenomena is crucial for advancing this field beyond standard photochemical approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore and characterize unique mechanisms arising from strong light-molecule coupling in polaritonic chemistry.
To investigate the impact of polaritons on the photochemical reaction pathways and quantum yields of molecules, using azobenzene as a model system.

Main Methods:

Utilized a state-of-the-art computational photochemistry approach extended to the strong-coupling regime.
Simulated azobenzene photoisomerization, a complex reaction involving conical intersections and multiple internal modes.
Characterized the emergence and role of a polaritonic conical intersection under strong coupling.

Main Results:

Disclosed novel polaritonic mechanisms: coherent population oscillations, quenching via dead-end polaritonic states, and altered reaction pathways/quantum yields.
Demonstrated that strong coupling leads to a polaritonic conical intersection, significantly influencing the photochemical process.
Provided chemically detailed simulations offering insights into strong coupling's effects on realistic molecular photochemistry.

Conclusions:

Polaritonic chemistry offers distinct mechanisms that can be leveraged to control and modify photochemical reactions.
The study provides a computational framework for understanding how strong coupling impacts the photochemistry of complex molecules.
Findings pave the way for designing novel photochemical processes using tailored polaritonic states.