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Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
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Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Space lidar observations constrain longwave cloud feedback.

Thibault Vaillant de Guélis1,2, Hélène Chepfer3, Rodrigo Guzman3

  • 1LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, École polytechnique, Palaiseau, France. t.vaillant-de-guelis@opgc.fr.

Scientific Reports
|November 10, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cloud changes observed from space suggest that warming effects from clouds may be overestimated in climate models. Long-term satellite data are crucial for refining climate predictions and understanding cloud feedback mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric science
  • Climate science
  • Cloud physics

Background:

  • Clouds play a critical role in Earth's energy balance and significantly influence climate warming.
  • Understanding cloud responses to climate change is essential for accurate climate projections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify changes in cloud properties (altitude, cover, opacity) over oceans using satellite observations.
  • To compare observed cloud changes with climate model simulations under present-day and future warming scenarios.
  • To evaluate the longwave cloud altitude feedback in observations versus models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized space lidar observations from 2008-2014 to analyze cloud characteristics over oceans.
  • Employed a climate model with a lidar simulator to replicate observed and future climate conditions.
  • Assessed cloud altitude, cover, and opacity changes.

Main Results:

  • The longwave cloud altitude feedback, robust in models, was not the dominant feedback in observational data.
  • Observed cloud feedback mechanisms may differ from those simulated in the climate model.
  • Potential overestimation of enhanced longwave warming due to clouds in current climate models.

Conclusions:

  • Observed cloud feedbacks suggest that model-based warming enhancements from clouds might be overestimated.
  • Highlights the necessity of long-term active sensor satellite records for reducing uncertainties in cloud feedbacks.
  • Emphasizes the importance of observational data for improving climate model accuracy and future climate predictions.