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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Early Competing Deaths in Locally Advanced Head-and-Neck Cancer.

Sandeep Muzumder1, S Nirmala1, H U Avinash1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Indian Journal of Palliative Care
|November 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Competing deaths are a growing concern in advanced head and neck cancer. Sepsis is the primary cause of early non-cancer deaths in Stage IVA/IVB pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers.

Keywords:
Combined modality therapycompeting deathhead-and-neck cancernoncancer deathsepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Head and Neck Cancer Research
  • Mortality Studies

Background:

  • Aggressive treatment for locally advanced head and neck cancer has led to increased non-cancer deaths.
  • Better disease control necessitates understanding competing mortality risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence, causes, and predictors of early competing mortality.
  • Focus on patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer undergoing combined modality therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 125 locally advanced head and neck cancer patients (Jan 2013 - Jun 2017).
  • Recorded total deaths, causes, and time to death from therapy initiation.
  • Univariate and multivariate logistic regression used to identify risk factors for competing deaths.

Main Results:

  • 51 deaths observed (31 cancer, 20 competing) at median 16-month follow-up.
  • Early competing mortality incidence was 12% (15 patients), median time 2.7 months post-treatment.
  • Sepsis was the leading cause of early competing death (13 patients).
  • Competing death associated with pharyngeal primary (OR=3.562) and Stage IVA/IVB disease (OR=5.104).

Conclusions:

  • Competing deaths pose a significant challenge in locally advanced head and neck cancer.
  • Sepsis is the predominant cause of early competing deaths in Stage IVA/IVB pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers.