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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

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Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Reporting and recording are crucial in data documentation. The timely, thorough, and accurate documentation of facts is essential when recording patient data. Failure to record findings during an assessment or interpretation of a problem will result in loss of information and make the patient document unreliable. The reader is left with general impressions if the information is not specific. A recording is documenting data of the individual's health information in a traceable, secure, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Treatment with Locking Intramedullary Nailing for Intertrochanteric Fracture of the Femur Utilizing a New Awl with a Distal Positioner
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Longitudinal Half-and-Half Nails: Case Report and Review.

Philip R Cohen1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Skin Appendage Disorders
|November 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Longitudinal half-and-half nails are a rare nail condition. This acquired nail change is not linked to systemic diseases or medications, often appearing as an idiopathic finding or due to chronic trauma.

Keywords:
Half-and-half nailsHorizontalLeukonychiaLindsay's nailsLinearLongitudinalNailsTransverseWhite

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Nail Disorders

Background:

  • Half-and-half nails, or transverse leukonychia, are typically linked to chronic renal disease.
  • Associated conditions include Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, and medications like isoniazid.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe rare cases of longitudinal half-and-half nails.
  • To investigate potential associations with systemic diseases or medications.

Main Methods:

  • Case study of an elderly man with longitudinal half-and-half nails on his thumbs.
  • Review of a previously reported case of longitudinal half-and-half nails on great toes.

Main Results:

  • Neither patient had chronic renal disease, Behcet's, Crohn's, or was on isoniazid.
  • The woman had true leukonychia and hallux valgus with chronic trauma.
  • The man had apparent leukonychia, koilonychia, a digital mucous cyst, and subungual hyperkeratosis.

Conclusions:

  • Longitudinal half-and-half nails are a rare phenomenon.
  • This nail change is not associated with systemic disease or medication.
  • It can be an idiopathic finding or secondary to chronic trauma.