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Phylogeny01:23

Phylogeny

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Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.
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Elements and Compounds01:27

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
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Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies
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Advancing mite phylogenomics: Designing ultraconserved elements for Acari phylogeny.

Matthew H Van Dam1, Michelle Trautwein1, Greg S Spicer2

  • 1Entomology Department, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.

Molecular Ecology Resources
|November 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New genomic tools reveal complex mite (Acari) evolutionary history. Our study shows mites are not a single evolutionary group, challenging previous classifications and highlighting the need for diverse genomic data in arachnid phylogeny.

Keywords:
AcariArachnidaOpilionesParasitiformesRicinuleidaemitespartitioningphylogenomicsultraconserved elements

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Area of Science:

  • Arthropod genomics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Mites (Acari) represent immense biodiversity, but their evolutionary relationships remain largely unresolved.
  • Arachnid phylogeny studies are limited by the underrepresentation of mite diversity in phylogenomic analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop targeted ultraconserved element (UCE) probes for Acari to improve understanding of mite and arachnid evolutionary history.
  • To resolve complex phylogenetic relationships within mites and their closely related arachnid orders.

Main Methods:

  • Design and in-silico testing of novel Acari-specific UCE probe sets.
  • Phylogenomic analysis using 13 existing Acari genomes and 6 additional arachnid taxa.
  • Comparison of locus recovery using Acari-specific versus general arachnid UCE probes.

Main Results:

  • Acari-specific UCE probes significantly enhance locus recovery within mites compared to general arachnid probes.
  • The initial phylogeny successfully recovers major mite lineages.
  • Mites (Acari) were found to be non-monophyletic, with Opiliones and Ricinuleidae nested within, rendering the order Parasitiformes paraphyletic.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted UCE probes are effective tools for advancing Acari phylogenomics.
  • The non-monophyly of mites necessitates a re-evaluation of Acari classification and evolutionary history.
  • Incorporating diverse mite genomic data is crucial for resolving broader arachnid evolutionary patterns.