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Phonon Angular Momentum Induced by the Temperature Gradient.

Masato Hamada1, Emi Minamitani2, Motoaki Hirayama1,3,4

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A temperature gradient in crystals generates phonon angular momentum, inducing magnetization and rotation. This heat-driven effect, analogous to the Edelstein effect, also converts to electron spin in metals.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Solid-state physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Phonon modes in crystals can possess angular momentum, but this typically cancels under equilibrium conditions due to time-reversal symmetry.
  • Understanding non-equilibrium phenomena in solids is crucial for novel material properties and device applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generation of phonon angular momentum in crystals under a temperature gradient.
  • To explore the consequences of this phonon angular momentum, including induced magnetization and mechanical rotation.
  • To examine the interplay between phonon angular momentum and electron spin in metallic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of phonon dynamics in crystals subjected to a temperature gradient.
  • Investigation of symmetry requirements for the generation of angular momentum.
  • Application of principles of angular momentum conservation and spin-charge conversion.

Main Results:

  • A temperature gradient drives phonon distributions out of equilibrium, generating a net phonon angular momentum.
  • This effect is analogous to the Edelstein effect in electronic systems and requires low crystallographic symmetry (polar or chiral).
  • Phonon angular momentum induces magnetization due to nuclear charges and can lead to crystal rotation via conservation laws. In metals, it converts to electron spin angular momentum.

Conclusions:

  • Heat current in crystals can generate intrinsic angular momentum in phonons, leading to observable phenomena like magnetization and rotation.
  • The study highlights a new pathway for generating spin and mechanical effects in materials via thermal gradients.
  • This work opens avenues for exploring novel thermoelectric and spintronic functionalities in low-symmetry crystalline materials.