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Related Concept Videos

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN202:27

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Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
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Colorectal premalignancy is associated with consensus molecular subtypes 1 and 2.

K Chang1, J A Willis2, J Reumers3

  • 1Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.

Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology
|November 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Colorectal polyps show distinct molecular subtypes, with adenomas resembling CMS2 and serrated polyps resembling CMS1. This molecular profiling of premalignant lesions offers insights into colorectal cancer development and potential therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Gene expression profiling identifies four consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) in colorectal cancer (CRC).
  • The applicability of CMS classification to colorectal premalignant lesions was previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular subtypes of colorectal premalignant lesions using gene expression profiling.
  • To analyze carcinogenesis pathways in adenomatous and serrated polyps.
  • To establish a model for pathway activation in colorectal carcinogenesis based on CMS classification.

Main Methods:

  • Assembled the largest transcriptomic dataset of premalignant lesions (N=389) from sporadic and hereditary populations.
  • Utilized a random forest (RF) classifier to assign CMS subtypes.
  • Performed pathway enrichment analysis on polyp subtypes.

Main Results:

  • CMS2 and CMS1 were the predominant subtypes in premalignant lesions.
  • Adenomatous polyps exhibited a CMS2-like phenotype with WNT/MYC activation.
  • Serrated polyps showed a CMS1-like phenotype with immune activation and were associated with BRAF mutations and right-sided location.

Conclusions:

  • Propose a model where adenomatous polyps are CMS2-like and serrated polyps are CMS1-like, potentially evolving into other CMS groups.
  • Findings elucidate the transcriptional landscape of premalignant colonic polyps.
  • Results may inform the development of novel biomarkers and preventive strategies for colorectal cancer.