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The brain in iodine deficiency.

B S Hetzel1, J Chavadej, B J Potter

  • 1CSIRO Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia.

Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
|March 1, 1988
PubMed
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Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) can cause cretinism, affecting brain development. Animal models show severe iodine deficiency impairs fetal brain maturation, highlighting the critical mid-trimester period for prevention.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Iodine deficiency is linked to endemic cretinism, presenting as mental deficiency, deaf-mutism, spastic diplegia, or hypothyroidism with dwarfism.
  • Both forms of cretinism can be prevented by iodine supplementation before pregnancy.
  • Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) encompass these developmental impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of severe iodine deficiency on brain development using animal models.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying IDD-related brain abnormalities.
  • To identify critical developmental periods for iodine's role in brain maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized animal models (rat, marmoset monkey, sheep) to study severe iodine deficiency.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Conducted thyroidectomy experiments (maternal and fetal) in sheep to isolate effects.
  • Analyzed brain weight, cell number (DNA), and cell density in specific brain regions (cerebral cortex, cerebellum).

    • Main Results:

    • Animal models exhibited severe maternal and fetal hypothyroidism, impacting cerebral cortex and cerebellum maturation.
    • Observed reduced brain weight, decreased cell count, increased cortical cell density, and impaired cerebellar cell acquisition.
    • Thyroidectomy studies indicated mid-gestation maternal thyroid function is crucial, with fetal thyroid function critical later.

    Conclusions:

    • Severe iodine deficiency significantly impairs fetal brain development, particularly during the mid-trimester (14-18 weeks).
    • Maternal thyroid function is critical early in pregnancy, while fetal thyroid function is vital in the third trimester.
    • Further research is needed on postnatal effects and subcellular mechanisms of IDD on brain development.