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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Calcium Imaging in Freely Behaving Caenorhabditis elegans with Well-Controlled, Nonlocalized Vibration
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Primary aldosteronism with nonlocalizing imaging.

Heather Wachtel1, Sonia Bhandari1, Robert E Roses1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Surgery
|November 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Unilateral primary aldosteronism is surgically curable. Adrenal vein sampling is crucial for identifying surgical candidates, even with non-localizing imaging, ensuring optimal treatment outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Unilateral primary aldosteronism is a surgically curable condition.
  • Preoperative imaging plays a role in surgical planning for primary aldosteronism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate surgical outcomes in primary aldosteronism based on preoperative imaging findings.
  • To determine the utility of adrenal vein sampling in patients with primary aldosteronism.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 446 patients with primary aldosteronism undergoing adrenal vein sampling.
  • Classification of patients into localized (unilateral adrenal mass) and nonlocalized groups based on imaging.
  • Assessment of clinical success as complete, partial, or absent post-adrenalectomy.

Main Results:

  • 74.9% of patients had localized imaging, with higher rates of lateralizing adrenal vein sampling.
  • Adenoma was the most common finding in both localized and nonlocalized groups post-adrenalectomy.
  • Equivalent rates of partial and complete clinical success were observed between groups, with partial reversal in nonlocalized patients at long-term follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with primary aldosteronism and non-localizing imaging but lateralizing adrenal vein sampling benefit from adrenalectomy.
  • Adrenal vein sampling is essential for determining surgical curability in primary aldosteronism, irrespective of initial imaging results.