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Related Concept Videos

Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

4.9K
Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
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Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview

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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
The pharmaceutical phase focuses on leveraging the physicochemical properties of the drug to design and manufacture an effective product. Variants include orally administered tablets or capsules, topical creams or ointments, and parenteral-delivery solutions or emulsions.
The pharmacokinetic phase...
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Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Assessment of Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Drug Self-administration in Rats
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Drug preparation and administration errors during simulated paediatric resuscitations.

Sashen Murugan1, Pano Parris1, Mike Wells1

  • 1Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|November 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Medication errors during pediatric resuscitation are common, particularly in drug withdrawal and administration phases. Using appropriately sized syringes can help reduce these critical drug preparation and administration errors in pediatric emergencies.

Keywords:
clinical proceduresgeneral paediatricsresuscitation

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Medication Safety
  • Clinical Pharmacy

Background:

  • Medication errors in pediatric care are a significant concern.
  • Few studies have specifically addressed drug preparation and administration errors during pediatric resuscitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the frequency and nature of drug preparation and administration errors during simulated pediatric resuscitation.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study in a tertiary hospital's emergency department.
  • Two-doctor teams prepared and administered medications during simulated pediatric emergencies.
  • Video recording of preparation, collection of all materials, and analysis of deviations from intended volumes.

Main Results:

  • Significant errors occurred in drug withdrawal (13/96 doses >20% error) and administration (20/96 doses >20% error).
  • Median drug delivery time was 79 seconds.
  • Largest errors resulted from using large syringes for small volumes.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial errors in pediatric medication preparation and administration were identified.
  • Targeted training for emergency nurses and doctors on pediatric medication handling is recommended.
  • Optimizing syringe selection, using smaller syringes for smaller volumes, can mitigate errors.