Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Quality Control01:05

Quality Control

2.5K
Quality control is one of the three cyclical quality assurance activities that help keep a system under statistical control. Typical quality control activities include creating quality control charts, conducting proficiency testing, and documenting and archiving results.
Quality control helps track data, visualize trends, and identify variations, making it easier to detect deviations that may affect the accuracy of an analysis. One way to do this is by generating a quality control chart, which...
2.5K
Quality Assurance01:19

Quality Assurance

2.2K
Quality assurance is the overarching term used to describe the activities employed to ensure the proper performance of a system. These activities can be classified into three categories: quality control, quality assessment, and internal corrective measures. Typically, these activities work cyclically: quality control is performed before and during the analysis, while quality assessment occurs during and after the investigation. Internal corrective measures are implemented based on the findings...
2.2K
Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

561
In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
561
Pulse amplitude and quality01:17

Pulse amplitude and quality

3.1K
Pulse amplitude is a crucial indicator of cardiac health because it provides valuable insights into the strength of left ventricular contractions and the overall uniformity of blood circulation within the vasculature. The strength of the pulse is directly related to the force with which the heart contracts and the volume of blood being pumped.
A weak or absent pulse may indicate reduced cardiac output or poor left ventricular contraction, which can be signs of cardiovascular dysfunction or...
3.1K
Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

390
When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
390
Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light02:00

Photoreceptors and Plant Responses to Light

28.5K
Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
28.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Beyond Conventional Messaging: Critical Communication Strategies to Boost Vaccine Intentions.

Journal of health communication·2026
Same author

Advancing planetary health graduate medical education assessment and evaluation methods: leveraging the entrustable professional activities model in a pediatric residency program.

Frontiers in public health·2026
Same author

Glucocorticoid treatment, lower growth and differentiation factor 15 concentrations, and improved hyperemesis gravidarum symptoms.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology·2026
Same author

The Value Proposition: What OEM Physicians Bring to Healthcare Sustainability.

Journal of occupational and environmental medicine·2026
Same author

Patient Portal Access and Missed Medical Appointments: A Case-Control Study.

Journal of patient experience·2026
Same author

Urban Exposures, Frailty, and Mental Illness in World Trade Center Health Program Responders.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

24.2K

Behavioural responses to unexpected changes in reward quality.

Stefanie Riemer1,2, Hannah Thompson2, Oliver H P Burman3

  • 1Division of Animal Welfare, VPH Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.

Scientific Reports
|November 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Successive negative contrast (SNC) in dogs showed increased patch switching after a reward downshift, suggesting functional search behavior rather than frustration. Affective state did not correlate with SNC strength.

More Related Videos

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
08:05

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

10.2K
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

24.2K
A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
08:05

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers

Published on: January 5, 2018

10.2K
A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
06:11

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

7.9K

Area of Science:

  • Animal Behavior
  • Cognitive Science
  • Comparative Psychology

Background:

  • Successive negative contrast (SNC) describes behavioral changes when animals receive lower rewards than expected.
  • SNC is often linked to frustration, but alternative explanations like functional search behavior exist.
  • The influence of affective state on SNC requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate successive negative contrast (SNC) effects in dogs using a patch foraging task.
  • To differentiate between frustration and functional search explanations for SNC.
  • To explore the relationship between SNC, affective state, and personality traits in dogs.

Main Methods:

  • Eighteen dogs participated in a successive negative contrast (SNC) paradigm with a patch foraging task.
  • Two conditions were tested: unshifted (consistent low reward) and shifted (reward downshift).
  • Behavioral measures included patch switching, approach latency, foraging time, and quantity consumed. Personality and anxiety were assessed via questionnaire and novel object test.

Main Results:

  • Dogs exhibited a SNC effect by significantly increasing patch switching after a reward downshift compared to the unshifted condition.
  • No significant differences were found in approach latency, foraging time, or quantity consumed, supporting functional search over frustration.
  • SNC strength did not correlate with anxiety-related behaviors but showed associations with trainability and stranger-directed aggression scores.

Conclusions:

  • The study suggests that SNC in dogs, in this context, reflects adaptive functional search behavior rather than frustration.
  • Reward quality impacts incentive motivation, but the link between SNC, frustration, and affective state needs more research.
  • Behavioral flexibility and coping styles may influence SNC, warranting further exploration of personality links.