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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Pharmacological and Functional Genetic Assays to Manipulate Regeneration of the Planarian Dugesia japonica
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Pharmacologic Strategies for Assaying BMP Signaling Function.

Teresa Dinter1, Geoffrey A Bocobo1, Paul B Yu2

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Small molecule inhibitors targeting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor kinases offer a complementary approach to genetic methods for studying BMP signaling. These inhibitors are valuable tools for investigating BMP roles in development and disease.

Keywords:
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalingDMH1DorsomorphinK02288aKinase inhibitorLDN-193189LDN-212854LDN-214117SB-431452

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, part of the TGF-β family, regulates crucial biological processes like tissue development and repair.
  • Dysregulation of BMP signaling is linked to numerous congenital and acquired diseases.
  • Small molecule inhibitors of BMP receptor kinases are essential tools for dissecting BMP pathway functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present methodologies for assaying BMP signaling inhibition using small molecule inhibitors.
  • To highlight the utility of BMP receptor kinase inhibitors in biological and disease research.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro assays: In-Cell Western assay for BMP-mediated SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation and alkaline phosphatase assay for osteogenic differentiation.
  • In vivo assays: Studying effects of BMP signaling inhibition in embryonic zebrafish and mouse models.

Main Results:

  • Several selective BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitors have been developed with varying properties.
  • High-throughput in vitro and in vivo methods effectively assay the functional impact of pharmacologic BMP inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecule BMP receptor kinase inhibitors provide a valuable, complementary strategy to genetic approaches for targeting the BMP pathway.
  • These inhibitors are crucial for understanding BMP signaling in both fundamental biology and disease contexts.